Chapter 3. Internal anatomy and physiology

3. Internal anatomy and physiology

3.1. Muscles and locomotion

3.1.1. Muscles

3.1.2. Muscle attachments

3.1.3. Crawling, wriggling, swimming, and walking

3.1.4. Flight

3.2. The nervous system and co-ordination

3.3. The endocrine system and the function of hormones

3.3.1. Endocrine centers

3.3.2. Hormones

3.4. The circulatory system

3.4.1. Hemolymph

3.4.2. Circulation

3.4.3. Protection and defense by the hemolymph

3.5. The tracheal system and gas exchange

3.5.1. Diffusion and ventilation

3.6. The gut, digestion, and nutrition

3.6.1. Structure of the gut

3.6.2. Saliva and food ingestion

3.6.3. Digestion of food

3.6.4. The fat body

3.6.5. Nutrition and microorganisms

3.7. The excretory system and waste disposal

3.7.1. The Malpighian tubules and rectum

3.7.2. Nitrogen excretion

3.8. Reproductive organs

3.8.1. The female system

3.8.2. The male system

 Further reading