Plates

1.1. An atlas moth, Attacus atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), which occurs in southern India and south-east Asia, is one of the largest of all lepidopterans, with a wingspan of about 24 cm and a larger wing area than any other moth.

1.2. A violin beetle, Mormolyce phyllodes (Coleoptera: Carabidae), from rainforest in Brunei, Borneo.

1.3. The moon moth, Argema maenas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), is found in south-east Asia and India; this female, from rainforest in Borneo, has a wingspan of about 15 cm.

1.4. The mopane emperor moth, Imbrasia belina (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), from the Transvaal in South Africa.

1.5. A «worm» or «phane» — the caterpillar of Imbrasia belina — feeding on the foliage of Schotia brachypetala, from the Transvaal in South Africa.

1.6. A dish of edible water bugs, Lethocerus indicus (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), on sale at a market in Lampang Province, Thailand.

2.1. Food insects at a market stall in Lampang Province, Thailand, displaying silk moth pupae (Bombyx mori), beetle pupae, adult hydrophiloid beetles, and water bugs, Lethocerus indicus .

2.2. Adult Richmond birdwing (Troides richmondia) butterfly and cast exuvial skin on native pipevine (Pararistolochia sp.) host.

2.3. A bush coconut or bloodwood apple gall of Cystococcus pomiformis (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), cut open to show the cream-colored adult female and her numerous, tiny nymphal male offspring covering the gall wall.

2.4. Close-up of the second-instar male nymphs of Cystococcus pomiformis feeding from the nutritive tissue lining the cavity of the maternal gall.

2.5. Adult male scale insect of Melaleucococcus phacelopilus (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), showing the setiferous antennae and the single pair of wings.

2.6. A tropical butterfly, Graphium antiphates itamputi (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), from Borneo, obtaining salts by imbibing sweat from a training shoe.

3.1. A female katydid of an undescribed species of Austrosalomona (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), from northern Australia, with a large spermatophore attached to her genital opening.

3.2. Pupa of a Christmas beetle, Anoplognathus sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), removed from its pupation site in the soil in Canberra, Australia.

3.3. Egg mass of Tenodera australasiae (Mantodea: Mantidae) with young mantid nymphs emerging, from Queensland, Australia.

3.4. Eclosing (molting) adult katydid of an Elephantodeta species (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), from the Northern Territory, Australia.

3.5. Overwintering monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), from Mill Valley in California, USA.

3.6. A fossilized worker ant of Pseudomyrmex oryctus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Dominican amber from the Oligocene or Miocene.

3.7. A diversity of flies (Diptera), including calliphorids, are attracted to the odor of this Australian phalloid fungus, Anthurus archeri, which produces a foul-smelling slime containing spores that are consumed by the flies and distributed after passing through the insects’ guts.

4.1. A tree trunk and under-branch covered in silk galleries of the webspinner Antipaluria urichi (Embiidina: Clothodidae), from Trinidad.

4.2. A female webspinner of Antipaluria urichi defending the entrance of her gallery from an approaching male, from Trinidad.

4.4. A female thynnine wasp of Zaspilothynnus trilobatus (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) (on the right) compared with the flower of the sexually deceptive orchid Drakaea glyptodon, which attracts pollinating male wasps by mimicking the female wasp.

4.5. A male thynnine wasp of Neozeloboria cryptoides (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) attempting to copulate with the sexually deceptive orchid Chiloglottis trapeziformis.

4.6. Pollination of mango flowers by a flesh fly, Australopierretia australis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), in northern Australia.

4.7. The wingless adult female of the whitemarked tussock moth, Orgyia leucostigma (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), from New Jersey, USA.

5.1. Mealybugs of an undescribed Planococcus species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on an Acacia stem attended by ants of a Polyrhachis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), coastal Western Australia.

5.2. A camouflaged late-instar caterpillar of Plesanemma fucata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) on a eucalypt leaf in eastern Australia.

5.4. The huge queen termite (approximately 7.5 cm long) of Odontotermes transvaalensis (Isoptera: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae) surrounded by her king (mid front), soldiers, and workers, from the Transvaal in South Africa.

5.5. A parasitic Varroa mite on a pupa of the bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a hive from Irian Jaya, New Guinea.

5.6. An adult moth of Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) emitting defensive froth containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids that it sequesters as a larva from its food plants, legumes of the genus Crotalaria.

5.7. A snake-mimicking caterpillar of the spicebush swallowtail, Papilio troilus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), from New Jersey, USA.

6.1. The cryptic adult moths of four species of Acronicta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A. alni, the alder moth (top left); A. leporina, the miller (top right); A. aceris, the sycamore (bottom left); and A. psi, the grey dagger (bottom right).

6.2. Aposematic or mechanically protected caterpillars of the same four species of Acronicta: A. alni (top left); A. leporina (top right); A. aceris (bottom left); and A. psi (bottom right); showing the divergent appearance of the larvae compared with their drab adults.

6.3. A blister beetle, Lytta polita (Coleoptera: Meloidae), reflex-bleeding from the knee joints; the hemolymph contains the toxin cantharidin.

6.4. One of Bates’ mimicry complexes from the Amazon Basin involving species from three different lepidopteran families — Methona confusa confusa (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) (top), Lycorea ilione ilione (Nymphalidae: Danainae) (second from top), Patia orise orise (Pieridae) (second from bottom), and a day-flying moth of Gazera heliconioides (Castniidae).

6.5. An aposematic beetle of the genus Lycus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) on the flower spike of Cussonia (Araliaceae) from South Africa.
