Chapter 6. Insect development and life histories

6. Insect development and life histories

6.1. Growth

6.2. Life-history patterns and phases

6.2.1. Embryonic phase

6.2.2. Larval or nymphal phase

6.2.3. Metamorphosis

6.2.4. Imaginal or adult phase

6.3. Process and control of molting

6.4. Voltinism

6.5. Diapause

6.6. Dealing with environmental extremes

6.6.1. Cold

6.6.2. Heat

6.6.3. Aridity

6.7. Migration

6.8. Polymorphism and polyphenism

6.8.1. Genetic polymorphism

6.8.2. Environmental polymorphism, or polyphenism

6.9. Age-grading

6.9.1. Age-grading of immature insects

6.9.2. Age-grading of adult insects

6.10. Environmental effects on development

6.10.1. Temperature

6.10.2. Photoperiod

6.10.3. Humidity

6.10.4. Mutagens and toxins

6.10.5. Biotic effects

6.11. Climate and insect distributions

6.11.1. Modeling climatic effects on insect distributions

6.11.2. Climatic change and insect distributions

 Further reading