Further reading


Beutel, R.G. & Haas, F. (2000) Phylogenetic relationships of the suborders of Coleoptera (Insecta). Cladistics 16, 103–41.

Bitsch, C. & Bitsch, J. (2000) The phylogenetic interrelationships of the higher taxa of apterygote hexapods. Zoologica Scripta 29, 131–56.

Caterino, M.S., Cho, S. & Sperling, F.A.H. (2000) The current state of insect molecular systematics: a thriving Tower of Babel. Annual Review of Entomology 45, 1–54.

Cranston, P.S. & Gullan, P.J. (2003) Phylogeny of insects. In: Encyclopedia of Insects (eds. V.H. Resh & R.T. Cardé), pp. 882–98. Academic Press, Amsterdam.

Cranston, P.S., Gullan, P.J. & Taylor, R.W. (1991) Principles and practice of systematics. In: The Insects of Australia, 2nd edn. (CSIRO), pp. 109–24. Melbourne University Press, Carlton.

Felsenstein, J. (2004) Inferring Phylogenies. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.

Hall, B.G. (2004) Phylogenetic Trees Made Easy; A How-To Manual, 2nd edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. Klass, K.-D., Zompro, O., Kristensen, N.P. & Adis, J. (2002)

Mantophasmatodea: a new insect order with extant members in the Afrotropics. Science 296, 1456–9.

Kristensen, N.P. (1991) Phylogeny of extant hexapods. In: The Insects of Australia, 2nd edn. (CSIRO), pp. 125–40. Melbourne University Press, Carlton.

Kristensen, N.P. (1997) Early evolution of the Lepidoptera + Trichoptera lineage: phylogeny and the ecological scenario. In: The Origin of Biodiversity in Insects: Phylogenetic Tests of Evolutionary Scenarios (ed. P. Grandcolas). Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 173, 253–71.

Kristensen, N.P. (1999) Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms. European Journal of Entomology 96, 237–53.

Kristensen, N.P. & Skalski, A.W. (1999) Phylogeny and paleontology. In: Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies 1. Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology, Vol. IV, Part 35 (ed. N.P. Kristensen), pp. 7–25. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.

Lo, N., Tokuda, J., Watanabe, H. et al. (2000) Evidence from multiple gene sequences indicates that termites evolved from wood-feeding termites. Current Biology 10, 801–4.

Ronquist, F. (1999) Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera (Insecta): the state of the art. Zoologica Scripta 28, 3–11.

Schuh, R.T. (2000) Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

Skelton, P. & Smith, A. (2002) Cladistics: A Practical Primer on CD-ROM. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Whiting, M.F. (1998) Phylogenetic position of the Strepsiptera: review of molecular and morphological evidence. Inter- national Journal of Morphology and Embryology 27, 53–60.

Whiting, M.F. (2002) Phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders: molecular evidence. Zoologica Scripta 31, 3–15.

Whiting, M.F. (2002) Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera. Zoologica Scripta 312, 93–104.

Yeates, D.K. & Wiegmann, B.M. (1999) Congruence and controversy: toward a higher-level phylogeny of Diptera. Annual Review of Entomology 44, 397–428.


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  Pterygota

Chapter 7