Figures 16.3


Generalized life cycle of an egg parasitoid.
Figures 16.3. Generalized life cycle of an egg parasitoid.

A tiny female wasp of a Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) oviposits into a lepidopteran egg; the wasp larva develops within the host egg, pupates, and emerges as an adult, often with the full life cycle taking only one week. (After van den Bosch & Hagen 1966)

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  Cumulative increase in the number of arthropod species (mostly insects and mites) known to be resistant to one or more insecticides.
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  The mode of infection of insect larvae by baculoviruses.