Figures 14.1


The basic spectrum of prey defense strategies and predator foraging, varying according to costs and benefits in both time and energy.
Figures 14.1. The basic spectrum of prey defense strategies and predator foraging, varying according to costs and benefits in both time and energy.

(After Malcolm 1990)

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  An example of the regular cycling of numbers of predators and their prey: the aquatic planktonic predator Chaoborus (Diptera: Chaoboridae) and its cladoceran prey Daphnia (Crustacea).
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  Pale and melanic (carbonaria) morphs of the peppered moth Biston betularia resting on: