Figures 6.11


Growth and development in a marine midge, Telmatogeton (Diptera: Chironomidae), showing increases in:
Figures 6.11. Growth and development in a marine midge, Telmatogeton (Diptera: Chironomidae), showing increases in:

(a) head capsule length; (b) mandible length; and (c) body length between the four larval instars (I–IV). The dots and horizontal lines above each histogram represent the means and standard deviations of measurements for each instar. Note that the lengths of the sclerotized head and mandible fall into discrete size classes representing each instar, whereas body length is an unreliable indicator of instar number, especially for separating the third- and fourth-instar larvae.

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  Diagrammatic view of the changing activities of the epidermis during the fourth and fifth larval instars and prepupal (= pharate pupal) development in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in relation to the hormonal environment.
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  Age-specific oviposition rates of three predators of cotton pests, Chrysopa sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Micromus tasmaniae (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae), and Nabis kinbergii (Hemiptera: Nabidae), based on physiological time above respective development thresholds of 10.5°C, —2.9°C, and 11.3°C.