Figures 3.14


Preoral and anterior foregut morphology in (a) a generalized orthopteroid insect and (b) a xylem-feeding cicada.
Figures 3.14. Preoral and anterior foregut morphology in (a) a generalized orthopteroid insect and (b) a xylem-feeding cicada.

Musculature of the mouthparts and the (a) pharyngeal or (b) cibarial pump are indicated but not fully labeled. Contraction of the respective dilator muscles causes dilation of the pharynx or cibarium and fluid is drawn into the pump chamber. Relaxation of these muscles results in elastic return of the pharynx or cibarial walls and expels food upwards into the oesophagus. (After Snodgrass 1935)

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  Generalized insect alimentary canal showing division into three regions.
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  Longitudinal section through the anterior body of a caterpillar of the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae).