Figures 3.11


Some basic variations in the open (a-c) and closed (d-f) tracheal systems of insects.
Figures 3.11. Some basic variations in the open (a-c) and closed (d-f) tracheal systems of insects.

(a) Simple tracheae with valved spiracles, as in cockroaches. (b) Tracheae with mechanically ventilated air sacs, as in honey bees. (c) Metapneustic system with only terminal spiracles functional, as in mosquito larvae. (d) Entirely closed tracheal system with cutaneous gas exchange, as in most endoparasitic larvae. (e) Closed tracheal system with abdominal tracheal gills, as in mayfly nymphs. (f) Closed tracheal system with rectal tracheal gills, as in dragonfly nymphs. (After Wigglesworth 1972; details in (a) after Richards & Davies 1977, ( b) after Snodgrass 1956, (c) after Snodgrass 1935, (d) after Wigglesworth 1972)

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  Schematic diagram of a generalized tracheal system seen in a transverse section of the body at the level of a pair of abdominal spiracles.
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